黄姜皂素提取工艺研究

以黄姜为原料,研究皂素提取的生产工艺。通过对几种工艺的比较,确定一种先分离黄姜中纤维素及淀粉,再经过酸水解、中和提取皂素的方法。该法黄姜皂素的平均得率为传统方法的86.56%,用酸量仅为传统方法的9.62%,同时分离得到46.44%的纤维素和32.75%的淀粉。该法资源综合利用率明显提高,并大幅度减少废水的生成,减少环境污染,节约原料、能源,生产周期也明显缩短。     

<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">In vitro</Emphasis> availability of some essential minerals in commonly eaten processed and unprocessed Caribbean tuber crops

The levels of three essential minerals Ca, Fe and Mg and the extent of their availability were assessed in four commonly eaten Caribbean tuber crops [dasheen (Xanthosoma spp.), Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis)] in their processed and unprocessed states. Calcium was highest in cooked dasheen (5150±50 mg/kg) while Magnesium was highest in uncooked Irish potato (3600±200 mg/kg). There was no significant loss of calcium from the food samples upon cooking. All the uncooked food samples displayed higher levels minerals assessed compared to the cooked samples except for cooked Irish potato that recorded the level of iron (182.25±8.75 mg/kg). Availability of these minerals in the cooked and uncooked tubers crops upon digestion also showed a similar pattern. In conclusion, the consumption of these tuber crops in the Caribbean may not be responsible for the reported cases of iron deficiency in the region. However, the␣availability of minerals from these tuber crops when consumed with other foods (the usual practice in the Caribbean) needs further investigation.     

红曲霉T-DNA插入转化库中桔霉素突变子的筛选

以农杆菌介导法建立的红曲霉T—DNA转化库为实验材料,采用抑菌圈法从5,000多个转化子中筛选出200株桔霉素突变子的候选菌株,用高效液相色谱法进一步筛选得到53株与出发菌株相比产桔霉素能力发生显著变化的突变子,其红曲中桔霉素含量介于0．04～154．57μg／g之间。进一步分析了突变子的红曲色价,发现突变子产桔霉素能力与产色素能力之间有一定的相关性。这些研究结果为进一步从分子水平上探讨红曲霉产桔霉素和色素等次生代谢产物之间的关系提供了材料和基础。     

何首乌提取物对脂肪酸合酶的抑制作用

最新报道脂肪酸合酶 (FAS)是治疗肥胖症的潜在靶部位 ,但目前已知的FAS抑制剂还很少 .测定表明 ,中药何首乌提取物对FAS同时具有很强的快结合可逆抑制和慢结合不可逆抑制作用 .萃取的最佳溶剂为 4 0 %乙醇水溶液 .该提取物对FAS全反应的半抑制浓度为 0 .0 0 5mg ml(以萃取时中药重量计 ) ;不可逆抑制过程为两相 ,在 0 4 6mg ml浓度下在 0 5min内快相失活超过 5 0 % ,慢相在 32min时失活达 90 % .该提取物对FAS中的酮酰还原反应有强抑制 ,半抑制浓度为 0 0 18mg ml,对烯酰还原反应有弱抑制作用 .抑制动力学分析表明 ,何首乌提取物对FAS的抑制和底物NADPH之间呈非竞争性关系 ,和丙二酰辅酶A接近竞争性关系 ,而与乙酰辅酶A为反竞争性关系 .推测何首乌还含有作用于FAS中的丙二酰转酰酶的抑制剂 .用何首乌提取物口服饲喂大鼠 ,可明显减低大鼠摄食量和降低大鼠体重 ;实验结束时实验组大鼠肝脏FAS活性低于对照组 .以上结果表明 ,中药何首乌提取物对FAS有很强的抑制作用 ,其抑制能力明显强于已知抑制剂 ,其动力学表现也和已知抑制剂完全不同 ,预计为新的抑制剂 ,对研究FAS的作用机理及在防治肥胖症的应用上可能具有重要的价值     

CDPK20基因表达及其对山药块茎膨大调控作用研究

为探讨钙依赖性蛋白激酶(CDPK)在山药块茎淀粉及内源激素合成中的作用,该研究以‘毕克齐’和‘大和长芋’山药为试验材料,测定了块茎的淀粉、糖、内源激素含量等指标并进行相关性分析;采用RT-PCR技术克隆了钙依赖性蛋白激酶基因(CDPK20),并进行生物信息学分析,构建CDPK∶GFP融合载体,对CDPK蛋白进行亚细胞定位,实时荧光定量PCR对CDPK20在山药块茎不同发育时期的表达进行分析。结果表明:(1)CDPK20基因开放阅读框长为1047 bp,共编码348个氨基酸。(2)CDPK20蛋白定位于细胞核和细胞膜。(3)CDPK20的表达量在块茎种植后的105~165 d呈现先升后降的趋势。(4)CDPK酶活性与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性总糖含量和还原糖呈显著负相关,与ABA呈极显著负相关,与ZR呈极显著正相关。研究表明,CDPK参与块茎中的淀粉和糖代谢及植物内源激素ABA、ZR的合成。     

Organ- and Age-Specific Differences of Dioscorea polystachya Compounds Measured by UPLC-QTOF/MS

Dioscorea polystachya, named Chinese yam, is widely cultivated as a functional food and natural medicine in China. There is currently little information about the chemical characteristics of Dioscorea polystachya in different organs (tuber cortex and tuber flesh) and at various ages. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was used to profile chemical compounds in Dioscorea polystachya. As a result, thirty-eight compounds were detected in yam tuber cortex and tuber flesh. More compounds were detected in yam tuber cortex than in tuber flesh. Compounds such as dehydroepiandrosterone, allantoin and flavonoids were selected as biomarker candidates. Dehydroepiandrosterone was found more abundant in tuber flesh, while allantoin and flavonoids showed higher levels in tuber cortex. Furthermore, the levels of dioscin, malvalic acid and sucrose differed significantly among age groups and were highest in the tubers at 2 years. While the levels of allantoin, adenosine and glutamine increased with the growing years and were highest at 4 years. Thus, 2-year old Dioscorea polystachya tubers could be harvested to prepare dioscin, malvalic acid and sucrose supplements. The 4-year-old Dioscorea polystachya tubers would be the best choice for obtaining a large amount of allantoin and adenosine in industrial production.     

Lipoxygenase isoenzymes from Solanum tuberosum

Two lipoxygenase isoenzymes were separated from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum). Experiments with chemical modifications showed that tryptophan is essential for enzyme activity and that one or more tryosine residues was involved. On the other hand, no lysine or sulfhydryl groups were necessary. Both enzymes had an optimum pH of 5·5. They were not affected by calcium ions but were inhibited by cysteine.     

Purification and properties of the arginase from Jerusalem artichoke tubers

Arginase [l-arginine amidinohydrolase] in Jerusalem artichoke tubers occurs in a particulate fraction from which it was released in active form by detergent treatment. The particulate enzyme was purified 450-fold with ca 3% yield. The enzyme has a MW of ca 140 000 and pI of 5.3. The enzyme required Mn²⁺ for activity and was unstable when Mn²⁺ was removed. In tissue extracts the K_m for arginine was ca 1OmM, but when purified the K_m (arginine) was 145 mM. The artichoke arginase was shown to be more substrate specific than other plant and animal arginases which have been described, and to be very sensitive to competitive inhibition by indospicine, ornithine and citrulline.     

Mechanism of starch-sugar interconversion in Solanum tuberosum

The changes in glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phospho-glycerate, phosphoenol-pyruvate, pyruvate, adenosine mono-, di- and tri-phosphates, NAD and NADH, sugars and respiration of mature potato tubers (variety King Edward) caused by transfer from + 10° to + 2° and back to + 10° were followed throughout 4–8 weeks of storage. The results obtained showed a characteristic two phase pattern. In the case of the transfer from + 10° to + 2° a number of the phosphate esters showed wide individual variations in concentration during the first phase but only slow changes during the second phase when most of the phosphate esters tended to follow a common pattern. In the first phase the sugar concentration remained roughly constant, but in the second a considerable increase in both sucrose and respiration occurred. In the case of potatoes transferred from + 2° to + 10° the two phase character of the results was not so marked. In the case of potatoes transferred from + 10° to + 2° the changes in the phosphate esters in the first phase did not appear to be related to the conversion of starch to sucrose which only occurred to a significant extent in the second phase. Electron micrographs of potato tubers which had been stored at + 2° for 38 days (sugar content 2.4%) showed that the starch grains were still enclosed in a double membrane (amyloplast membrane). Analysis of starch grains prepared by a non-aqueous method from potato tubers stored at + 10° and + 2° indicated that a large part of the K, Na, Cl, citrate and glucose-6-phosphate was inside the amyloplast but that the sugar (storage at + 2°) was outside; sweetening therefore involved the transport of metabolites through the amyloplast membrane. Comparison with other treatments (anaerobiosis, cyanide, ethylene chlorhydrin) which cause sweetening suggested that the regulation of the starch-sugar interconversion was effected at the amyloplast membrane and possibly involved electron transfer. In the case of potatoes which sweetened due to senescence, electron micrographs showed that the amyloplast membranes were disintegrating.